![]() Models of LH2 and liquefied natural gas (LNG) aircraft are constructed from data on an existing Boeing 787-8. Energy systems analysis is utilised to construct models of LH2 fuelled aircraft and ships, and the models are applied to various scenarios to analyse the performance of LH2 from a component, vehicle, network and global energy systems perspective. Particular focus is dedicated to: (1) the geographical, situational and design niches for which the use of LH2 is favourable within aviation and shipping (2) the ability of LH2 to power the global aviation and shipping fleets and the modifications required to accommodate the fuel (3) the identification of technologies that are likely to significantly effect decarbonisation efforts and (4) the influence of weather induced boil-off on LH2 ship design. In this thesis, utilisation of electricity grid derived liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel for these purposes is investigated. To reduce the adverse effects of global warming, there is an international drive towards the rapid decarbonisation of the aviation and maritime sectors. In addition, safety standards for handling liquid hydrogen must be updated regularly, especially to facilitate massive and large-scale hydrogen liquefaction, storage, and transportation. ![]() These two characteristics have led to the urgent development of hydrogen liquefaction, storage, and transportation. The main challenges in utilizing liquid hydrogen are its extremely low temperature and ortho- to para-hydrogen conversion. This paper reviews the characteristics of liquid hydrogen, liquefaction technology, storage and transportation methods, and safety standards to handle liquid hydrogen. However, liquid hydrogen is garnering increasing attention owing to the demand for long storage periods, long transportation distances, and economic performance. Among these, liquid hydrogen has advantages, including high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities and hydrogen purity. Hydrogen can be stored in various forms, including compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, hydrides, adsorbed hydrogen, and reformed fuels. Moreover, hydrogen and electricity are mutually converted, creating high energy security and broad economic opportunities toward high energy resilience. Hydrogen is believed to be a promising secondary energy source (energy carrier) that can be converted, stored, and utilized efficiently, leading to a broad range of possibilities for future applications. Decarbonization plays an important role in future energy systems for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and establishing a zero-carbon society.
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